Symbolic Speech Freedom Of Speech - 1320 Words

Freedom of Speech: To Kneel or Not to Kneel? Symbolic Speech: Whether tis Nobler to Ignore the First Amendment Introduction The inspiration for my topic came from our first assignment, the MTU Constitutional Essay Contest, and the NFL kneeling/National Anthem controversy. The extent of the public outcry and the divisiveness it has caused baffles. Kneeling during the playing of The National Anthem at widely viewed sporting events seems like a perfect and peaceful way to bring attention to a societal problem. It is freedom of symbolic speech at its finest. And it is nothing new. Americans have been engaging in symbolic political speech since before we even had a Constitution to protect it. Colonists threw tea in the Boston†¦show more content†¦I actually used two queries for the 9/11 analysis. QUERY ONE: Step 1: Freedom of Speech and flag-burning (English Only) = 448. Step 2: Narrowed to articles in the United States = 63. Step 3: Those written after 9/11/2001 = 46 Step 4: After reviewing the titles and abstracts, refined to = 29 I experimented with several different sequencing of search logic. At first I used symbolic speech instead of flag-burning, but the results were too large for the purposes of this paper. The search logic above worked best for the limits of this paper. QUERY TWO: Step 1: Freedom of Speech (English Only) = 306134 Step 2: Narrowed to articles in the United States = 32986 Step 3: Those written after 9/11/2001 = 26503 Findings In Query One, of the 448 English language articles that included both Freedom of Speech and flag-burning, sixty-three of them were located in the United States. Of those articles, forty-six were written after 9/11 representing 73%. In the even broader sample of Query Two, 80% of the articles were written post-9/11. After reviewing titles and abstracts of Query One, an additional seventeen articles were eliminated leaving twenty-nine for analysis. Of the twenty-nine articles, not surprisingly over 40% were law review articles. Discussion/Conclusion Whether burning or bedazzling it, we use the flag as a means of symbolic speech. There is no question that there has been an increase in displaying the flagShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Speech And Its Impact1454 Words   |  6 PagesLightfoot 15 November 2015 O’Brien v. United States: Symbolic Speech and Its Impact Symbolic speech is a type of speech used to express one’s ideas. The notion of symbolic speech is protected in the United States constitution which evidently says: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press...† (U. S. Constitution). The freedom of speech represents one of the most vital amendments inRead MoreFreedom Of Speech By The Bill Of Rights Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial topic that many protested for was, freedom of speech. After many years of wanting to be heard, Americans finally achieved the assurance of having a voice. The Bill of Rights was passed on December 15, 1791; commencing with the First Amendment. The First Amendments defends freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. Stated in the U.S. Constitution, the First Amendment declares Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of speech.â €  Thus, meaning that citizens cannot be imposedRead MoreTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of the Supreme Court, there have been many First Amendment cases that outline if exercises of free speech and expression are constitutional or unconstitutional. One of the most paramount 1st amendment cases is that of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969). This significant case helped shape the extension of symbolic speech, as well as ensure the freedom of speech and expression to students in schools. In December 1965, a group of Iowa residents, both adults and childrenRead MoreSpeech Free Speech On The Freedom Of Speech1380 Words   |  6 Pagesrespecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the citizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea withoutRead MoreSpeech : Freedom Of Speech1364 Words   |  6 Pages Even though freedom of speech can be tricky, understanding what can be said under the first amendment is key. This will give you more confidence when you re talking about current events, it ll inhibit social interaction, but the biggest reason of all is understanding your right s will keep you out of jail. Even the supreme court struggles to determine what exactly constitutes protected speech. When trying to see if your covered by the first amendment, certain questions have to be displayed. AreRead MoreThe Case Texas V. Johnson782 Words   |  4 Pagesvenerated object. He was convicted, sentenced to one year in prison, and fined $2,000 (Texas v. Johnson (1989), Bill of Rights Institute) Johnson first appealed his conviction to the fifth Court of Appeals of Texas, arguing that his actions were â€Å"symbolic speech† protected by the First Amendment. However, he lost. Then he appealed the case to Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the court overturned his conviction. And it asked the Supreme Court to hear the case (Texas v. Johnson, Encyclopaedia Britannica)Read MoreTexas V. Johnson. The Case Texas V. Johnson Happened In774 Words   |  4 Pagesvenerated object. He was convicted, sentenced to one year in prison, and fined $2,000 (Texas v. Johnson (1989), Bill of Rights Institute) Johnson first appealed his conviction to the fifth Court of Appeals of Texas, arguing that his actions were â€Å"symbolic speech† protected by the First Amendment. However, he lost. Then he appealed the case to Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the court overturned his conviction. And it asked the Supreme Court to hear the case (Texas v. Johnson, Encyclopaedia Britannica)Read MoreThe First Amendment Of The United States Constitution915 Words   |  4 PagesBackground Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. These 45 words of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution embody some of our most important ideas about the meaning of liberty. A nationally recognized leader in the field of law related citizen educationRead MoreIs Flag Burning Protected By The First Amendment?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesrespecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the citizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea withoutRead MoreFree Speech : A Free Society975 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Free Speech in a Free Society The United States Constitution granted citizens of the United States several basic liberties. The Bill of Rights 10 which is amendments guaranteeing basic individual protection such as freedom of speech and of religion–became part of the Constitution in 1791 (history.com). While most rights are accepted and welcomed in colleges and universities, free speech comes with limitations. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states:

US Bank Corp. Analysis - 2538 Words

Finance 421 US Bank Corp. Analysis Analysis of the financial position of US Bank [Type the author name] 12/1/2012 US Bank Corporation (USB) is a commercial bank which offers customers checking accounts, savings accounts, and time services contracts. The bank trades in financial securities but its main source of revenue is various types of loans. These loans range from residential and commercial real estate loans, industry loans, and other individual loans. In this analysis the overall strength of US Bank will be evaluated and will be compared with two similar financial institutions. The two institutions chosen for comparison are Wells Fargo (WFC) and Bank of America (BAC). To evaluate the overall strength the major†¦show more content†¦The largest liability for the three financial institutions are interest bearing deposits. Wells Fargo holds the largest proportion at 50.14% followed by US Bank at 47.70% and then Bank of America at 32.40%. US Bank holds and Wells Fargo have similar proportions of this liability. While these liabilities accrue interest the banks do have to expect frequent cash outflows from this. The three banks third largest liabilities are noninterest-bearing deposits with US Bank having the largest proportion of 23.36%, followed by Wells Fargo at 21.93% and Bank of America at 18.97%. These proportions seems relatively similar to each other but with US Bank’s higher proportion they should be weary. These noninterest bearing accounts are likely to be checking outs and while they do not accrue interest you can expect frequent withdrawals from customers which should keep them weary of loaning out too much money. Finally all three banks have listed other borrowed money as their third largest liabilities. This includes mortgage indebtedness and obligations under capitalized leases. Bank of America has the largest proportion of 14.24%. Next is US Bank with 13.66% and then Wells Fargo with 9.62%. These proportions also seem quite similar too each other. Interest Revenue, last Quarter US Bank largest source of revenue isShow MoreRelatedOSHA ´s Whistleblower Protection Program Essay examples1003 Words   |  5 Pagesconduct may file a complaint with the secretary of labor to request an investigation by OSHAs Whistleblower Protection Program (OSHA, 2011). Foster filed a Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower complaint with OSHA because of her wrongful termination from Bank of America. She worked previously as an internal investigator at Countrywide at the corporate level and a witness for the governments Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission for Countrywide (Benoit, 2011). In September 2011, OSHA ruled that Foster hadRead MoreEssay about Wells Fargo Financial Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesWells Fargo Financial Analysis For this project, we researched Wells Fargo?s performance in the last couple of years as a way to check on its progress to greatness. What we found was an overwhelmingly charismatic company that not only puts down its values in ink, but also strictly abides by them. Much to our surprise, a huge chunk of their thick annual report for 2002 was an honest listing of all the threatening factors that stand in the company?s way rather than its exceptional rankings inRead MoreEssay on Countrywide Financial Home Loans Failure1300 Words   |  6 Pagesoperated through Countrywide bank and Countrywide Warehouse lending (CWL). Countrywide bank’s product offering included residential mortgage loans, deposit products (CDs and money market, checking and savings accounts), investment products and other businesses (annuities and mutual funds), and document custody services. The Countrywide bank, through its subsidiary, ReconTrust Company offered mortgage foreclosure. By the end of fiscal 200 6, about 65 of the Countrywide banks Financial Centers held depositRead MoreAcct 613 Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined under 1221(a)(1) and 1221(a)(6). Future contracts are entered in to support anthracite coal business practices as exampled in Supreme Court case of 1988 â€Å"Corn Product Refining Co. v. Commissioner†, 350 U.S. 46, 76 S.Ct. 20, 100 L.Ed. 29. Analysis Internal Revenue Code section 1221 defines â€Å"capital asset† as â€Å"property held by the taxpayer (whether or not connected with his trade or business), but does not include (1) Stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properlyRead MoreAssignment #1 Hrm 5301293 Words   |  6 PagesMountain Bank Strategic Human Resource Management – HRM530005VA016-1118-001 Professor 23 October 2011    1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the strategies that Mountain Bank should implement to achieve a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Mountain Bank already has the necessary tools to implement a variety of strategic plans. The key will be making the necessary changes and implementing them in order to gain a substantial and competitive advantage in the marketplace. The banks recent internal studiesRead MoreAustralian Banks Are Hungry For Foreign Debt Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesAustralian banks are hungry for foreign debt, which has driven down funding costs for U.S. borrowers, and tempted more overseas firms to take on Australian debt. Some firms that were attracted to the down funding costs are Apple Inc., Intel Corp., Ford Motor Co., and Coca-Cola Co. These companies have sold kangaroo bonds at high values, with Apple’s being the highest and valued at A$2.25 billion. A lot is also going on in Australia. Australia recently celebrated a 25-year streak of being recession-lessRead MoreEnron And Its Impact On Enron s Downfall Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom its collapse. In this paper we present an a nalysis of the factors that contributed to Enron’s rise and failure, underlying the role that energy deregulation and manipulation of financial statements played on Enron’s demise. We summarize some lessons that can be learned in order to prevent another Enron and restore confidence in the financial markets, as well as in the accounting and auditing professions. Introduction Financial statement analysis is a foremost tool in predicting bankruptcy andRead MoreCurrent Issues On Capital Market Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesCAPITAL MARKET The Capital market all over the globe experienced crisis which started in United States of America in 2007 following the collapse of subprime mortgage. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, which led to the collapse of the US capital market that later trickled to other part of the world with large organization asking for bailout and also economies requesting for same from other economies or regional unions. The Nigerian Capital market was not exempted in this global phenomenonRead MoreAdidas 2008 Study Case1488 Words   |  6 Pageswhen it died to the 51 years. After this event, the company begins to cross one serious crisis, mainly due to the push of Nike. In 1990 Adidas was bought for Bernard Tapie (244 million Euros), but he was declared in bankruptcy in 1992, being the bank Credit Lyonnais the one in charge to sell Adidas to Robert Louis-Dreyfus, friend of Bernard Tapies. In 1997 Adidas bought the French manufacturer of equipment of ski Salomon and created Accept A.G. In 2001, Herbert Hainer took of the position companyRead MoreMonster Energy’s Pest Analysis: Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Hansen’s Natural Corporation (Now Monster Beverage Corporation) is a US based company located in Corona, California. They have been in the market from the 1930s in the manufacturing of natural sodas and from the early 20th century into caffeinated beverages. They have taken on Red Bull recently to become the top leader in the market of energy drinks. This can be taken as an advantage and a threat to the company as they have been majorly depending on their Monster Energy drink

Changes Caused By Native Americans And English Colonists...

There is a famous quote by John Maxwell, where he said â€Å"Change is inevitable. Growth is optional†. Changes occur everywhere around us and it is how we adapt to those changes defines how we grow as a community causing further change to the environment. John Cronon, the author of Changes in the Land, writes about the interactions between the environment and its people. People are not the sole cause of ecological change. Some ecological change is also caused by natural events such as climate changes, floods, forest fires, and even drought. But these events do not drastically change the ecosystem as the changes brought by the interactions of Native Americans and Europeans with the environment. Changes caused by people such as Native Americans and English colonists affects the environment and results in a change in the environment where, now the people have to adapt to change in the environment. The first Europeans who saw the coast of pre-colonial New England thought of it as untapped virgin lands that had infinite resources. Cronon talks about how Henry Thoreau described the woods where Native Americans lived as â€Å"more open and parklike appearance to the first English settlers, without the underbrush and coppice growth so common in nineteenth-century Concord† (Cronon, pg 5). They didn’t realize that there were Native American inhabitants on the land as well. These Indians were already changing the environment by burning parts of forests to grow crops. The interaction ofShow MoreRelatedThe Colonization Of New England964 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of English colonist history in North America, you would have to begin with the settlements of New England. The English colonists had to endure the ecological challenges of New England, oppose to the conditions they were accustomed to in England. They also had to coexist with the original inhabitants of the lands the Native American Indians for information on techniques of agriculture for proper sustainability, and for trade pur-poses. English colonists had to obtain knowledge from Native AmericansRead MoreConsequences Of European Colonization1112 Words   |  5 Pagesto their own. In the late 1800’s, the rare Native Americans that were left in the United States were practically extinguished. Many diverse things contributed to their near-extinction, some were considered intentional and some unintentional. Some tribes made the decision to go willingly, and some decided to fight to their death but in the end, it was confirmed that Native Americans and settlers could not live together in amity, and the Native Americans were the ones at harm. The integration of EuropeanRead MoreHow the Columbian Exchange Changed Our World Forever810 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant event after the death of the dinosaurs. Firstly, the Columbian exchange dramatically transformed the American ecological environment. Charles C. Man (2007) explained that, due to the success of Rolfe’s tobacco plantation in Jamestown, English earthworms had been transported from the Old World to the New World. As the worms were extinct on the American mainland, these invertebrates caused a lot of damage to the ecosystem when they ate the foliage beneath the trees. When it rained, all the nutrientsRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreEssay about Cronon Review1262 Words   |  6 PagesSince its publication in 1983, William Cronon’s Changes in the Land has been lauded by historians. The book, Cronon’s first, received the Francis Parkman Prize for the best new book in American history in 1984. Cronon’s objective in the book is to assess the changes in New England’s ecosystems and the degree to which these changes result from the relationship between Indians and colonists and changes in the dominant modes of production. He argues that the transition to European agriculture, andRead MoreNative Americans And The New World1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe European colonists and the Native Americans of the New World were divergent from one another than similar. Native Americans had a m ore primitive lifestyle than the Europeans modern way of life. Europeans referred to themselves as â€Å"civilized† and looked at Native Americans as â€Å"savages.† In spite of that, Benjamin Franklin corresponded in, Remarks concerning the savages of North America, â€Å"Savages we call them, because their manners differ from ours, which we think the perfection of civility; theyRead MoreDifferent Cultures Of The Colonial South968 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinct cultures For hundreds of years the colonial South was a mixture of different types of people and cultures. Three distinct cultures influenced and shaped the environment in North America. The three cultures that intermingled had long term effects on one another. The Europeans looking for a better land, they clashed with the Native Americas and they enslaved Africans. In the late sixteenth century England was in a social crisis. The economic growth was unable to keep up with the needs ofRead MoreThe Differences Between The Colonies And The Middle Colonies1738 Words   |  7 Pagestighter administrative control over his own empire. His attempt at control was not very successful, mainly because most of the English Officials were corrupt and cared little about American Affairs. 3. Environment and Geography played an important role in the development of some regions such as the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England environments were composed up of hilly terrain with soil that was unsuitable for subsistence agriculture. Weather conditions were harsh andRead MoreThe Indian Slave Trade : The Rise Of The English Empire2447 Words   |  10 PagesRise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. In his book, Gallay recreates the conditions during this time period to explain slave trade and its influence on European settlements as well as Indian lifestyle. When searching for first hand detailed information regarding the Indian slave trade, many authors attempt to include their own analysis of the circumstances these people lived and acted upon. In The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717Read More British Influence Turned the Indians From Civilized to Savage-Like1732 Words   |  7 Pagesa trophy or captured their enemies for later torture. Leach states in his argument that Obviously, the New England Indians were a primitive people, occupying a much lower level of civilization than that of the English settlers(Leach 6). Leaches narrow-minded attitude towards the natives, however, is the perfect example of the generic view of Indians as savages. Leachs view of the Indians as savage comes from his examination of their warfare. Here, the basis for a civilized society is the type

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics free essay sample

Running head: DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Descriptive and inferential statistics are incredibly similar forms of research testing within psychology. Each seeks to analyze, describe, and possibly predict a population’s behavior. As with psychology itself, statistical analysis within psychology began as a philosophy (Goodwin, 2008). This philosophy quickly turned to a scientific pursuit, again mirroring psychology itself. A person observes, and wonders why that event occurred. That person makes a guess, known as forming a hypothesis, then he or she observes the situation again making small changes to test the theory. Once the determination that the behavior or occurrence is prevalent in a population for which the statistical study is relevant it is given a level of probability (A. Aron, E. Aron, Coups, 2009). Statistics has two branches descriptive and inferential, and both branches use fundamental concepts as measurements of predictability. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive and Inferential Statistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The predictability or probability of an event or behavior is determined through values, variables, and scores. Statistics would be redundant if data given by considerable surveys’ and testing were simple to interpret. However, the mass of information concerning a sample of a parameter used in inferential statistics, and a parameter used in descriptive statistics has become the easiest known way to interpret data (University of California, 1998). Expressed differently, raw data are difficult to visualize and translate into descriptive or inferential statistics (Leard Statistics, 2010). Properly interpreting data and graphing it in an easily understandable truthful manner is the major function in descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics summarize numbers in a set of data, such as mean or median, and values, or scores (A. Aron, E. Aron, Coups, 2009). Descriptive statistics are used when data DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 3 are to be analyzed in a small sample of research, which will not include the entire population. As the name implies, statistics give psychologists the ability to understand easily the collection of numbers they are researching. This is made possible because histograms, frequency tables, charts, and pictures enhance the data provided. To display numbers in a visually appealing manner, research becomes easier, and there is less room for error. Descriptive statistics focus on the research of a small section of the population provides information about the sample population. Inferential statistics; however broadens the use of these samples, to make inferences about the entire population. Inferential statistics and descriptive statics go hand in hand. Without descriptive statistics, researchers would not have small samples of population to make inferences about the entire population. Inferential statistics use methods such as random selection and probability to determine data needed for research (A. Aron, E. Aron, Coups, 2009). These two branches of statistics could work well together if an entire state was debating on whether or not to allow gay marriage. Using this as an example, descriptive statistics would target one specific area of the state, possibly as small as half a city. The researchers would survey the population in this area, and collect the descriptive data from around the state to infer what the entire state thought about gay marriage. The researchers would have a ton of descriptive data, which they could randomly select from, and based on probability they could produce a statistic about the state’s thoughts. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics are sample scores that researchers collect during a research study. The scores (data) collected allow the researcher to establish conclusions and make inferences about the research study. The inferences made on the research study are obtained by using a relatively small group of participants. Although only a small group of participants are in the DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 4 study, the outcome of the research study makes inferences about a much larger group of people (A. Aron, E. Aron, Coups, 2009). Additionally, when using inferential statistics the inferences about the research study exceeds the numbers collected in the study (A. Aron, E. Aron, Coups, 2009). Therefore, the inferences communicate exactly how reliable data collected for the research study is. The inferences in inferential statistics also convey how significant the information collected is. The information researchers gather for their study only shows a sampling of the group of participants that the researchers use. This sampling used must vary enough to be representative of the reliability and significance of the research study (â€Å"Research Methods,† n. d. ). There also must not be much variation in the data (scores) obtained for the study. When using inferential statistics the researcher must prove that the results of the study are not based on chance or the outcome leads to chance (â€Å"Research Methods,† n. d. ). Ideally, if the result is a probability, the researcher’s observation of the difference would be statistically significant (â€Å"Research Methods,† n. d. ). The difference would be the difference in the variables used in the study. Researchers must use descriptive statistics to establish a research study that is statistically significant. The use of descriptive statistics provides the researchers with a summary and organization of data used (â€Å"Research Methods,† n. d. ). The researchers use histograms to make a visual representation of the use of data in the study (â€Å"Research Methods,† n. d. ). Therefore, it is palpable that the use of inferential statistics is another measure of analyzing and interpreting numerical data collected in a research study. DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 5 Conclusion Statistics are an important part of almost every field of research study, which includes medicine, psychology, physics, and many others. The only way to gain information and knowledge about scientific outcomes is to study and observe them. When we achieve results from a research study, we are using statistics. Researchers use two types of statistics descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Both types of statistics help researchers to comprehend data that they have collected. Statistics are important and are in use every day without people even knowing that they are using it. Research is extremely important to understanding the world we live in, and after compiling the research data collected, we can put our data into a statistic form for everyone to understand. DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 6 References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , Coups, E. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall California State University. 1998). Definition of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Retrieved from http://www. scudh. edu/dearhabermas/stat2f98. htm Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Leard Statistics. (2010). Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Retrieved from http://statistics. laerd. com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics. php Research Methods in Psychology. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 8, 2011, from http://www. sparknotes. com/psychology/psych101/researchmethods/section5. rhtml